Acknowledgments
I greatly appreciate the input of numerous past students including James Eckert, Bea Yea Lin Eckert, William Goodman, Steve LoDuca, Wendy Taylor and Denis Tetreault, for their work on stratigraphy and paleontology of the Rochester Shale and related Silurian units. Other people who have helped and contributed along the way include Craig Clement, George McIntosh (Rochester Museum and Science Center), George Sanders, Beverly Seyler and Mark Pierce. This paper benefitted from careful editing and insights by Michael Lask and David Meyer. My research was supported by grants from the donors to the American Chemical Society, Petroleum Research Fund and NSF Grant EAR 0518511. This is a contribution to the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Project No. 591 – The Early to Middle Paleozoic Revolution.
References
Ausich, W.I. and Bottjer, D.J. 1982. Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrata through the
Phanerozic. Science 216, no. 4542, 173-174.
Bassler, R.S. 1901. Bryozoan fauna of the Rochester Shale. US Geological Survey bulletin 292, p. 136.
Baumiller, T.K. and Gahn, F. 2002. Fossil record of parasitism on marine invertebrates with special emphasis on the platyceratid-crinoid interaction. Paleontological Society Special Papers 8: 195-210.
Blakey, Ron. 2011. Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America" Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography. Northern Arizona University.
Cpgeosystems.com/paleomaps.html
Brett, C.E. 1978a. Systematics and paleoecology of Lower Silurian (Wenlockian) Echinoderms from Western New York and Ontario. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 620
Brett, C.E., 1978b. Attachment structures in the rhombiferan cystoid Caryocrinites and their paleobiological implications. Jour. Paleontology 52(3): 717-726.
Brett, C.E., 1978c. Hostspecific pitforming epizoans on Silurian crinoids. Lethaia 11(3): 217-231.
Brett, C.E., 1983a. Stratigraphy and facies relationships of the Silurian Rochester Shale (Wenlockian; Clinton Group) in New York State and Ontario: Proceedings Rochester Academy of Sciences 35-48.
Brett, C.E., 1983b. Sedimentology, facies, and depositional environments of the Rochester Shale (Silurian; Wenlockian) in western New York and Ontario. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53(3): 947-971.
Brett, C.E., 1985. Tremichnus: A new ichnogenus of circular parabolic pits in fossil echinoderms. Journal of Paleontology 59(3): 625-635.
Brett, C.E., 1991. Organism sediment relationships in Silurian marine environments; p. 301-344. In Bassett, M.G., Lane, P.D., and Edwards, D., eds., The Murchison Symposium: Proceedings of an International Conference on the Silurian system. Special Papers in Palaeontology p. 44, 397
Brett, C.E., 1999. Wenlockian fossil communities in New York State and adjacent areas. In Boucot, A.J. and Lawson, J.D., eds., Paleocommunities:
A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Cambridge University Press. p. 592-637.
Brett, C.E., Boucot, A.J., and Jones, B.D., 1999. Absolute depths of Silurian benthic assemblages. Lethaia, 26: p. 25-40.
Brett, C.E., Goodman, W.M. and LoDuca, S.T., 1990. Sequences, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian foreland basin.
Sedimentary Geology 69:1-52
Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., 1986. Comparative taphonomy: a key to paleoenvironmental interpretation using fossil preservation. Palaios 1:207-227.
Brett, C.E. and Eckert, J.D. 1982. Paleoecology of a well preserved crinoid colony from the Silurian Rochester Shale in Ontario.
Royal Ontario Museum Contributions to Life Sciences 131:1-20.
Brett, C.E., Goodman, W.M., LoDuca, S.T. 1990. Sequences, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian foreland basin. Sedimentary Geology 69:1-52.
Brett, C.E., Frest, T.J., Sprinkle, J., and Clement, C.R., 1983. Coronoidea, a new class of blastozoan echinoderms based on taxonomic reevaluation of Stephanocrinus. Journal of Paleontology 57(4): 627-651.
Brett, C.E and Ray, D.C., 2005. Sequence and event stratigraphy of Silurian strata of the Cincinnati Arch region: correlations with New York-Ontario successions. Proceedings of the McCoy Symposium (2nd International Symposium on the Silurian System). Australia National Museum Victoria Bulletin: 175-196.
Brett, C.E. and Seilacher, A., 1991. Fossil Lagerstätten: a taphonomic consequence of event sedimentation. In Einsele, G., Ricken, W., and Seilacher, A., eds., Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 284-297.
Brett. C.E. and Taylor, W.L. 1997. The Homocrinus beds: Silurian crinoid Lagerstätten of Western New York and Southern Ontario. p. 147-170. In Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., eds., Paleontologic Events: Stratigraphic, Paleoecologic and Evolutionary Implications. Columbia University Press.
Brett, C.E., Zambito, J.J., Hunda, B., Schindler, E., 2012. Mid-Paleozoic trilobite Lagerstätten: Models of diagenetically enhanced obrution deposits. Palaios 27: 326-345.
Caputo, M.V. 1998. Ordovician-Silurian glaciations and global sea-level changes. In E. Landing and M. Johnson (Eds.), Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. New York State Museum Bulletin, no. 491: 15-25.
Cocks, L.R.M, 2001. Ordovician and Silurian global geography. Journal of the Geological Society of London 158: 197-210.
Cramer. B.D., Saltzman, M.R. and Kleffner, M.A., 2005. Spatial and temporal variability in organic carbon burial during global positive cabon isotope excursions:
New insight from high resolution δ13C carb stratigraphy from the type area of the Niagaran (Silurian) Provincial Series. Stratigraphy 2: 327-340.
Eckert, J.D. and Brett, C.E., 1985. Taxonomy and paleoecology of the Silurian myelodactylid crinoid Crinobrachiatus brachiatus (Hall).
Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 141: 1-15.
Ettensohn, F.R. 2008. The Appalachian foreland basin in eastern United States. In Hsu, K., ed., Sedimentary Basins of the World, vol. 5.
The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Andrew D. Miall. Elsevier, p. 105 – 179, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ettensohn, F.R. and Brett, C.E., 1998. Tectonic components in third order Silurian cycles: Examples from the Appalachian Basin and global implications. In Landing, E., ed., New York State Museum Bulletin 491, p. 143-162.
Gillette, T.G., 1947. The Clinton of western and central New York. NY State Museum Bulletin 341, p. 191.
Glaub, I., Bundschuh, M., 1997. Comparative studies on Silurian and Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous microborings. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 201, 123–135.
Glaub, I., Golubic, S., Gektidis, M., Radtke, G., Vogel, K., 2007. Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications. In: Miller, W. (Ed.),
Trace Fossils. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 368–381.
Grabau, A.W. 1901. Guide to the Geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and vicinity. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 7,
NY State Museum Bulletin 45, p. 284.
Hall, J. 1839. Third Annual Report of the Fourth Geological District of the State of New York. NY State Geological Survey Annual Report 3, p. 287-374.
Hall, J. 1852. Descriptions of the Organic Remains of the Lower Middle Division of the New York System. Paleontology of New York, v. 2, p. 362 ,
C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, NY.
Kidwell, S.M. and Jablonski, D. 1983. Taphonomic feedback:ecological consequences of shell accumulation, in Tevesz, M.J.S. and McCall, P.L., eds.,
Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities: Plenum Press, New York, p. 195–248.
Liddell, W.D. and Brett, C.E., 1982. Skeletal overgrowths among epizoans from the Silurian (Wenlockian) Waldron Shale in Ontario. Paleobiology 8(l):67-78.
LoDuca, S. and Brett, C.E., 1997. The Medusaegraptus epibole and other mid Silurian Konservat Lagerstätten of eastern North America. p. 369-406. In Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., eds. Paleontologic Events: Stratigraphic, Paleoecologic and Evolutionary Implications. Columbia University Press.
Männik, P. and Nestor, V., 2014. Stop B4, Pulli Cliff, Stop B5, Panga Cliff, p. 183-187. In 4th Annual Meeting of IGCP 591. The Early to Middle Paleozoic Revolution, Abstracts and Field Guide. University of Tartu, tartu, Estonia p. 202.
McLaughlin, P.I. and Brett, C.E. 2006. Widespread soft-sediment deformation horizons in Lower Silurian strata of the Appalachian basin: distal signature of orogeny. GFF, Geological Society of Sweden, v. 128 (2): 169-172.
Melchin, M., 2012. The Silurian Period, p. 525-538. in Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., Ogg, G. (eds.) The Geologic Time Scale 2012.
Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam, p. 11-44
O'Brien, N., Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1994. Microfabric and taphonomic analysis in determining sedimentary processes in marine mudstones: example from Silurian of New York. Journal of Sedimentary Research A64 No. 4, p. 847-852.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1882. The evolution of forms from the Clinton to the NiagaraGroup. American Naturalist, 16: 711-715.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1886. New genera and species of fossils from the Niagara Shales. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 5: 1-22.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1888a. The Niagara Shales of western New York, A study of the origin of their subdivisions and their faunae. American Geologist 1: 264-272.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1888b. Some species of fossils from the Niagara Shales of western New York. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proc for 1888, 131-137.
Sarle, C.J. 1901. Reef structures in Clinton and Niagara strata of western New York. American Geologist 28: 282-299.
Seilacher, A., Reif, W.E.and Westphal, F. 1985. Sedimentological, ecological and temporal pattern of fossil-Lagerstätten, p. 5-23. In H.B. Whittington and S. Conway Morris (eds.), Extraordinary Biotas: Their Ecological and Evolutionary Significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 3-11.
Springer, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501:486
Springer, F. 1926. American Silurian crinoids. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2871:1-239.
Sprinkle, J. 1973. Morphology and Evolution of Blastozoan Echinoderms. Special Publication, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, p. 284.
Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1996. Taphonomy and paleoecology of echinoderm Lagerstätten from the Silurian (Wenlockian) Rochester Shale. Palaios, 11: p. 118-140.
Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1999. Middle Silurian Rochester Shale of western New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. p. 87-92. In Hess, H., Ausich, W.I., Brett, C.E., and Simms, M.J., eds., Fossil Crinoids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 275.
Tetreault, D.K. 1990 Trilobite paleoecology of the Rochester Shale (Silurian; Wenlockian) in western New York and southern Ontario. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, p. 111.
Tetreault, D.K. 1992. Paleoecologic implications of epibionts on the Silurian lichid trilobite Arctinurus. 5th North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts, Chicago, IL. p. 289
Tetreault, D.K. 1994. Brachiopod and trilobite biofacies of the Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlock Series) in western New York. p. 347-361. In Landing, E. (ed.)., Papers on New York State Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Honor of Don Fisher. New York State Museum Bulletin 481, NYS Museum, Albany, NY. p. 380. Thusu, B. 1972. Depositional environment of the Rochester Formation (middle Silurian) in southern Ontario, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 42: 130-134.
Zenger, D. H., 1971. Uppermost Clinton (Middle Silurian) stratigraphy and petrology east-central New York. NY State Museum Bulletin 417, p. 35.
I greatly appreciate the input of numerous past students including James Eckert, Bea Yea Lin Eckert, William Goodman, Steve LoDuca, Wendy Taylor and Denis Tetreault, for their work on stratigraphy and paleontology of the Rochester Shale and related Silurian units. Other people who have helped and contributed along the way include Craig Clement, George McIntosh (Rochester Museum and Science Center), George Sanders, Beverly Seyler and Mark Pierce. This paper benefitted from careful editing and insights by Michael Lask and David Meyer. My research was supported by grants from the donors to the American Chemical Society, Petroleum Research Fund and NSF Grant EAR 0518511. This is a contribution to the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Project No. 591 – The Early to Middle Paleozoic Revolution.
References
Ausich, W.I. and Bottjer, D.J. 1982. Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrata through the
Phanerozic. Science 216, no. 4542, 173-174.
Bassler, R.S. 1901. Bryozoan fauna of the Rochester Shale. US Geological Survey bulletin 292, p. 136.
Baumiller, T.K. and Gahn, F. 2002. Fossil record of parasitism on marine invertebrates with special emphasis on the platyceratid-crinoid interaction. Paleontological Society Special Papers 8: 195-210.
Blakey, Ron. 2011. Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America" Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography. Northern Arizona University.
Cpgeosystems.com/paleomaps.html
Brett, C.E. 1978a. Systematics and paleoecology of Lower Silurian (Wenlockian) Echinoderms from Western New York and Ontario. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 620
Brett, C.E., 1978b. Attachment structures in the rhombiferan cystoid Caryocrinites and their paleobiological implications. Jour. Paleontology 52(3): 717-726.
Brett, C.E., 1978c. Hostspecific pitforming epizoans on Silurian crinoids. Lethaia 11(3): 217-231.
Brett, C.E., 1983a. Stratigraphy and facies relationships of the Silurian Rochester Shale (Wenlockian; Clinton Group) in New York State and Ontario: Proceedings Rochester Academy of Sciences 35-48.
Brett, C.E., 1983b. Sedimentology, facies, and depositional environments of the Rochester Shale (Silurian; Wenlockian) in western New York and Ontario. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53(3): 947-971.
Brett, C.E., 1985. Tremichnus: A new ichnogenus of circular parabolic pits in fossil echinoderms. Journal of Paleontology 59(3): 625-635.
Brett, C.E., 1991. Organism sediment relationships in Silurian marine environments; p. 301-344. In Bassett, M.G., Lane, P.D., and Edwards, D., eds., The Murchison Symposium: Proceedings of an International Conference on the Silurian system. Special Papers in Palaeontology p. 44, 397
Brett, C.E., 1999. Wenlockian fossil communities in New York State and adjacent areas. In Boucot, A.J. and Lawson, J.D., eds., Paleocommunities:
A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Cambridge University Press. p. 592-637.
Brett, C.E., Boucot, A.J., and Jones, B.D., 1999. Absolute depths of Silurian benthic assemblages. Lethaia, 26: p. 25-40.
Brett, C.E., Goodman, W.M. and LoDuca, S.T., 1990. Sequences, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian foreland basin.
Sedimentary Geology 69:1-52
Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., 1986. Comparative taphonomy: a key to paleoenvironmental interpretation using fossil preservation. Palaios 1:207-227.
Brett, C.E. and Eckert, J.D. 1982. Paleoecology of a well preserved crinoid colony from the Silurian Rochester Shale in Ontario.
Royal Ontario Museum Contributions to Life Sciences 131:1-20.
Brett, C.E., Goodman, W.M., LoDuca, S.T. 1990. Sequences, cycles, and basin dynamics in the Silurian of the Appalachian foreland basin. Sedimentary Geology 69:1-52.
Brett, C.E., Frest, T.J., Sprinkle, J., and Clement, C.R., 1983. Coronoidea, a new class of blastozoan echinoderms based on taxonomic reevaluation of Stephanocrinus. Journal of Paleontology 57(4): 627-651.
Brett, C.E and Ray, D.C., 2005. Sequence and event stratigraphy of Silurian strata of the Cincinnati Arch region: correlations with New York-Ontario successions. Proceedings of the McCoy Symposium (2nd International Symposium on the Silurian System). Australia National Museum Victoria Bulletin: 175-196.
Brett, C.E. and Seilacher, A., 1991. Fossil Lagerstätten: a taphonomic consequence of event sedimentation. In Einsele, G., Ricken, W., and Seilacher, A., eds., Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 284-297.
Brett. C.E. and Taylor, W.L. 1997. The Homocrinus beds: Silurian crinoid Lagerstätten of Western New York and Southern Ontario. p. 147-170. In Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., eds., Paleontologic Events: Stratigraphic, Paleoecologic and Evolutionary Implications. Columbia University Press.
Brett, C.E., Zambito, J.J., Hunda, B., Schindler, E., 2012. Mid-Paleozoic trilobite Lagerstätten: Models of diagenetically enhanced obrution deposits. Palaios 27: 326-345.
Caputo, M.V. 1998. Ordovician-Silurian glaciations and global sea-level changes. In E. Landing and M. Johnson (Eds.), Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. New York State Museum Bulletin, no. 491: 15-25.
Cocks, L.R.M, 2001. Ordovician and Silurian global geography. Journal of the Geological Society of London 158: 197-210.
Cramer. B.D., Saltzman, M.R. and Kleffner, M.A., 2005. Spatial and temporal variability in organic carbon burial during global positive cabon isotope excursions:
New insight from high resolution δ13C carb stratigraphy from the type area of the Niagaran (Silurian) Provincial Series. Stratigraphy 2: 327-340.
Eckert, J.D. and Brett, C.E., 1985. Taxonomy and paleoecology of the Silurian myelodactylid crinoid Crinobrachiatus brachiatus (Hall).
Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 141: 1-15.
Ettensohn, F.R. 2008. The Appalachian foreland basin in eastern United States. In Hsu, K., ed., Sedimentary Basins of the World, vol. 5.
The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Andrew D. Miall. Elsevier, p. 105 – 179, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ettensohn, F.R. and Brett, C.E., 1998. Tectonic components in third order Silurian cycles: Examples from the Appalachian Basin and global implications. In Landing, E., ed., New York State Museum Bulletin 491, p. 143-162.
Gillette, T.G., 1947. The Clinton of western and central New York. NY State Museum Bulletin 341, p. 191.
Glaub, I., Bundschuh, M., 1997. Comparative studies on Silurian and Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous microborings. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 201, 123–135.
Glaub, I., Golubic, S., Gektidis, M., Radtke, G., Vogel, K., 2007. Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications. In: Miller, W. (Ed.),
Trace Fossils. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 368–381.
Grabau, A.W. 1901. Guide to the Geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and vicinity. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 7,
NY State Museum Bulletin 45, p. 284.
Hall, J. 1839. Third Annual Report of the Fourth Geological District of the State of New York. NY State Geological Survey Annual Report 3, p. 287-374.
Hall, J. 1852. Descriptions of the Organic Remains of the Lower Middle Division of the New York System. Paleontology of New York, v. 2, p. 362 ,
C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, NY.
Kidwell, S.M. and Jablonski, D. 1983. Taphonomic feedback:ecological consequences of shell accumulation, in Tevesz, M.J.S. and McCall, P.L., eds.,
Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities: Plenum Press, New York, p. 195–248.
Liddell, W.D. and Brett, C.E., 1982. Skeletal overgrowths among epizoans from the Silurian (Wenlockian) Waldron Shale in Ontario. Paleobiology 8(l):67-78.
LoDuca, S. and Brett, C.E., 1997. The Medusaegraptus epibole and other mid Silurian Konservat Lagerstätten of eastern North America. p. 369-406. In Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., eds. Paleontologic Events: Stratigraphic, Paleoecologic and Evolutionary Implications. Columbia University Press.
Männik, P. and Nestor, V., 2014. Stop B4, Pulli Cliff, Stop B5, Panga Cliff, p. 183-187. In 4th Annual Meeting of IGCP 591. The Early to Middle Paleozoic Revolution, Abstracts and Field Guide. University of Tartu, tartu, Estonia p. 202.
McLaughlin, P.I. and Brett, C.E. 2006. Widespread soft-sediment deformation horizons in Lower Silurian strata of the Appalachian basin: distal signature of orogeny. GFF, Geological Society of Sweden, v. 128 (2): 169-172.
Melchin, M., 2012. The Silurian Period, p. 525-538. in Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., Ogg, G. (eds.) The Geologic Time Scale 2012.
Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam, p. 11-44
O'Brien, N., Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1994. Microfabric and taphonomic analysis in determining sedimentary processes in marine mudstones: example from Silurian of New York. Journal of Sedimentary Research A64 No. 4, p. 847-852.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1882. The evolution of forms from the Clinton to the NiagaraGroup. American Naturalist, 16: 711-715.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1886. New genera and species of fossils from the Niagara Shales. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 5: 1-22.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1888a. The Niagara Shales of western New York, A study of the origin of their subdivisions and their faunae. American Geologist 1: 264-272.
Ringueberg, E.N.S. 1888b. Some species of fossils from the Niagara Shales of western New York. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proc for 1888, 131-137.
Sarle, C.J. 1901. Reef structures in Clinton and Niagara strata of western New York. American Geologist 28: 282-299.
Seilacher, A., Reif, W.E.and Westphal, F. 1985. Sedimentological, ecological and temporal pattern of fossil-Lagerstätten, p. 5-23. In H.B. Whittington and S. Conway Morris (eds.), Extraordinary Biotas: Their Ecological and Evolutionary Significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 3-11.
Springer, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501:486
Springer, F. 1926. American Silurian crinoids. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2871:1-239.
Sprinkle, J. 1973. Morphology and Evolution of Blastozoan Echinoderms. Special Publication, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, p. 284.
Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1996. Taphonomy and paleoecology of echinoderm Lagerstätten from the Silurian (Wenlockian) Rochester Shale. Palaios, 11: p. 118-140.
Taylor, W.L. and Brett, C.E., 1999. Middle Silurian Rochester Shale of western New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. p. 87-92. In Hess, H., Ausich, W.I., Brett, C.E., and Simms, M.J., eds., Fossil Crinoids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 275.
Tetreault, D.K. 1990 Trilobite paleoecology of the Rochester Shale (Silurian; Wenlockian) in western New York and southern Ontario. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, p. 111.
Tetreault, D.K. 1992. Paleoecologic implications of epibionts on the Silurian lichid trilobite Arctinurus. 5th North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts, Chicago, IL. p. 289
Tetreault, D.K. 1994. Brachiopod and trilobite biofacies of the Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlock Series) in western New York. p. 347-361. In Landing, E. (ed.)., Papers on New York State Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Honor of Don Fisher. New York State Museum Bulletin 481, NYS Museum, Albany, NY. p. 380. Thusu, B. 1972. Depositional environment of the Rochester Formation (middle Silurian) in southern Ontario, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 42: 130-134.
Zenger, D. H., 1971. Uppermost Clinton (Middle Silurian) stratigraphy and petrology east-central New York. NY State Museum Bulletin 417, p. 35.
page 25
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